In this topic, we will
revisit the voltage divider and reuse the elements to transform the circuit
into an equivalent current-source representation. This
transformation is commonly used to help simplify circuits for easier
analysis.
Let's jump right in
and compare the figures below. Believe it or not, both circuits displayed
in Figure 1 are electrically equivalent as they produce the same voltage across
and current through the load resistor, RLOAD.
Figure 1. Source transformation (a)
Voltage source (b) Current source
This may take some getting
used to, but to help drive this concept home I have provided the simple proof
below. Let's go back to our voltage divider analysis days and derive the
voltage across and current through RLOAD.
Voltage source:
Using KCL, we can generate
the expression for the current-source representation.
Current
source:
Notice that the current, IX,
as well as the voltage, VX, are equivalent. Source
transformations come in handy when you want to separate or simplify a
network connected to another network or load. The equivalent resistance
of the simplified network, RS, is the same value for both voltage
and current transformations. Equation 1 and 2 display the relationship
between the voltage-source and current-source transformation, and can be used
to easily swap from one source to another.
Voltage source
transformation:
Current source
transformation:
Now that you have a good understanding of source transformation, let's proceed into Norton’s and Thevenin's Theorem.
Norton's Theorem:
Any network containing
independent voltage and current sources, along with various resistances is
electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, INORTON, in
parallel with a single resistor, RNORTON.
Procedure:
- Find the Norton current, INORTON, by shorting the A and B terminals together.
- Disconnect the short and leave A and B open. Calculate the voltage across nodes A and B -- this voltage is labeled VAB_OPEN.
- RNORTON = VAB_OPEN / INORTON
Thevenin's theorem:
Any network containing
independent voltage and current sources, along with various resistances is
electrically equivalent to a voltage source, VTHEVENIN, in series
with a single resistor, RTHEVENIN.
Procedure:
- Leave A and B open. Calculate the voltage across nodes A and B -- this voltage is labeled VTHEVENIN.
- Find the output current, IAB_SHORT, by shorting the A and B terminals together.
- RTHEVENIN = VTHEVENIN / IAB_SHORT
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